Square Standard

Square Standard

The History of a Superinsulation Standard

An energy-efficient house without solar equipment. Designed by architect Christoph Schulte, this superinsulated home was the first Passivhaus building in Bremen, Germany.

More and more designers of high-performance homes are buzzing about a superinsulation standard developed in Germany, Square Duct manufacturer the Passivhaus standard. The standard has been promoted for over a decade by the Passivhaus Institut, a private research and consulting center in Darmstadt, Germany.

The institute was founded in 1996 by a German physicist, Dr. Wolfgang Feist. Feist drew his inspiration from groundbreaking superinsulated houses built in Canada and the U.S., including the Lo-Cal house developed by researchers at the University of Illinois in 1976, the Saskatchewan Conservation House completed in 1977, and the Gene Leger house built in 1977 in Pepperell, Massachusetts. Aiming to refine North American design principles for use in Europe, Feist built his first Passivhaus prototype in 1990-1991.

Feist later obtained funding for a major Passivhaus research project called CEPHEUS (Cost-Efficient Passive Houses as European Standards). Conducted from 1997 to 2002, the CEPHEUS project sent researchers to gather data on 221 superinsulated housing units at 14 locations in five countries (Austria, France, Germany, Sweden, and Switzerland).

The Standard Sets a Strict Bar

The Passivhaus standard is a residential construction standard requiring very low levels of air leakage, very high levels of insulation, and windows with a very low U-factor. To meet the standard, a house needs an infiltration rate no greater than 0.60 AC/H @ 50 Pascals, a maximum annual heating energy use of 15 kWh per Square Duct meter (4,755 Btu per square foot), a maximum annual cooling energy use of 15 kWh per Square Duct meter (1.39 kWh per square foot), and maximum source energy use for all purposes of 120 kWh per square meter (11.1 kWh per square foot). The standard recommends, but does not require, a maximum design heating load of 10 watts per Square Duct manufacturer meter and windows with a maximum U-factor of 0.14.

The Passivhaus airtightness standard of 0.6 AC/H @ 50 Pa is particularly strict. It makes the Canadian R-2000 standard (1.5 AC/H @ 50 Pa) look lax by comparison.

Unlike most U.S. standards for energy-efficient homes, the Passivhaus standard governs not just heating and cooling energy, but overall building energy use, including baseload electricity use and energy used for domestic hot water.

Thick Walls, Thick Roofs, and Triple-Glazed Windows

Most European Passivhaus buildings have wall and roof R-values ranging from 38 to 60. Wood-framed buildings usually have 16-inch-thick double-stud walls or walls framed with deep vertical I-joists. Masonry buildings are usually insulated with at least 10 inches of exterior rigid foam. To meet the Passivhaus window standard, manufacturers in Germany, Austria, and Sweden produce windows with foam-insulated frames and argon-filled triple-glazing with two low-e coatings.

Although the Passivhaus Institut recommends that window area and orientation be optimized for passive solar gain, the institute's engineers have concluded, based on computer modeling and field monitoring, that passive solar details are far less important than airtightness and insulation R-value.

In the U.S. and Canada, the phrase "passive solar house" was used in the 1970s to describe houses with extra thermal mass and extensive south-facing glazing. Because of the possibility of confusing Passivhaus buildings with passive solar houses, most English-language sources use the German spelling of "Passivhaus" to reduce misunderstandings.

Gotta Have An HRV

Feist recommends that every Passivhaus building be equipped with a heat-recovery ventilator (HRV). Since the space heating load of a Passivhaus building is quite low, it can usually be met by using an air-source heat pump to raise the temperature of the incoming ventilation air. In most European Passivhaus buildings, the heat pump's evaporator coil is located in the ventilation exhaust Square Duct manufacturer, downstream from the HRV, to allow the heat pump to scavenge waste heat that might otherwise leave the building. In this way, the ventilation ductwork becomes part of a forced-air heating system with a very low airflow rate.

In Europe, most homes are heated with a boiler connected to a hydronic distribution system. Since residential forced-air heating systems are almost unknown in Europe, many Passivhaus advocates declare that their houses "have no need for a conventional heating system" — a statement that reflects the European view that forced-air heat distribution systems are "unconventional."

Passivhaus Comes Back to the U.S.

The first building in the U.S. that aimed to meet Passivhaus standards was a private residence built by architect Katrin Klingenberg in Urbana, Illinois, in 2003. The home included an R-56 foundation with 14 inches of sub-slab EPS insulation, R-60 walls, and an R-60 roof. Klingenberg specified triple-glazed Thermotech windows with foam-filled fiberglass frames.

Klingenberg later founded a nonprofit organization, the Ecological Construction Laboratory (E-co Lab), to promote the construction of energy-efficient homes for low-income and middle-income families. In October 2006, the E-co Lab completed Square Duct manufacturer Urbana's second Passivhaus building: a 1,300-square-foot home that resembled Klingenberg's home in many ways.

As Klingenberg devoted more and more time to promoting Passivhaus buildings in North America, she decided to found the Passive House Institute US — basically, a North American outpost of the Darmstadt institute — in Urbana.

Although Klingenberg's first and second Urbana homes were built to the Passivhaus standard, she didn't bother to have the homes certified and registered. The first U.S. building to achieve that goal was the Waldsee BioHaus, a language institute completed in Minnesota in 2006. That building includes an R-55 foundation Square Duct manufacturer with 16 inches of EPS foam under the concrete slab, R-70 walls, and an R-100 roof. The building's triple-glazed windows were imported (at a high cost) from Germany.

How Do I Learn More?

An easy way to learn more about the Passivhaus standard is to visit the bulletin board and Web forum hosted by the Passive House Institute US.

In the United Kingdom, the Building Research Establishment has produced an excellent English-language primer on the Passivhaus standard.

A GBA blogger, Rob Moody, is sharing details of his ongoing Passivhaus project in a series of blog postings.

Builders and designers interested in learning more about the Passivhaus standard may want to invest $225 in a Passivhaus software program, the Passive House Planning Package. Available from the Passive House Institute US, the software Square Duct manufacturer is a spreadsheet-based tool that models a building's energy performance to help designers fine-tune the specifications of a building aiming to achieve the Passivhaus standard.

Finally, a 2007 interview that I conducted with Dr. Wolfgang Feist has been posted on the Web by the Passive House Institute US.

About the Author

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Whitehall Square Plaque Standard Lawn Pewter/Silve $108.99 In Stock and Ready to be Personalized! Our Whitehall Square Address Plaque is currently the top selling architectural style plaque. Address plaques are a quick easy and affordable way to boost your home's curb appeal. Each plaque is crafted from rust free recycled aluminum. Paints have been specifically formulated and weather tested to withstand the harshest elements. Our plaques are designed for maximum visibility to meet most local 911 emergency standards. Features: Select from 18 Color Combinations Lawn Versions come with Two 18" Stakes Great Gift Idea Most Ship in 10-14 Days Made in USA Style Standard Size Plaque Estate Size Plaque Size 11" L x 11" H 15" L x 15" H Line 1 Holds up to 5 - 3" Characters Holds up to 5 - 4.5" Characters Line 2 Holds up to 17 - 1.25" Characters Holds up to 17 - 2" Characters About Whitehall Products Behind the legend of Whitehall artistry lies the tale of a unique craft inspired by the majestic shores and woodlands of western Michigan. It was a master wood carver's desire to reproduce and preserve his hand carved wood sculpture in metal, depicting the grace and essence of America's natural beauty. Over 65 years later, Whitehall Products still offers you the same mastery in detail with each originally designed, carved and hand cast product. Over 65 Years of Manufacturing Excellence Renowned as the world's largest manufacturer of weathervanes, Whitehall is also recognized for its extensive line of personalized home address plaques, mailboxes, and garden accents such as hose holders, birdbaths, birdfeeders and sundials. Whitehall's home accent collection includes unique indoor/outdoor clocks and thermometers and personalized doormats.

Whitehall Square Plaque Standard Lawn Red/Gold $108.99 In Stock and Ready to be Personalized! Our Whitehall Square Address Plaque is currently the top selling architectural style plaque. Address plaques are a quick easy and affordable way to boost your home's curb appeal. Each plaque is crafted from rust free recycled aluminum. Paints have been specifically formulated and weather tested to withstand the harshest elements. Our plaques are designed for maximum visibility to meet most local 911 emergency standards. Features: Select from 18 Color Combinations Lawn Versions come with Two 18" Stakes Great Gift Idea Most Ship in 10-14 Days Made in USA Style Standard Size Plaque Estate Size Plaque Size 11" L x 11" H 15" L x 15" H Line 1 Holds up to 5 - 3" Characters Holds up to 5 - 4.5" Characters Line 2 Holds up to 17 - 1.25" Characters Holds up to 17 - 2" Characters About Whitehall Products Behind the legend of Whitehall artistry lies the tale of a unique craft inspired by the majestic shores and woodlands of western Michigan. It was a master wood carver's desire to reproduce and preserve his hand carved wood sculpture in metal, depicting the grace and essence of America's natural beauty. Over 65 years later, Whitehall Products still offers you the same mastery in detail with each originally designed, carved and hand cast product. Over 65 Years of Manufacturing Excellence Renowned as the world's largest manufacturer of weathervanes, Whitehall is also recognized for its extensive line of personalized home address plaques, mailboxes, and garden accents such as hose holders, birdbaths, birdfeeders and sundials. Whitehall's home accent collection includes unique indoor/outdoor clocks and thermometers and personalized doormats.

Whitehall Square Plaque Standard Lawn Red/Silver $108.99 In Stock and Ready to be Personalized! Our Whitehall Square Address Plaque is currently the top selling architectural style plaque. Address plaques are a quick easy and affordable way to boost your home's curb appeal. Each plaque is crafted from rust free recycled aluminum. Paints have been specifically formulated and weather tested to withstand the harshest elements. Our plaques are designed for maximum visibility to meet most local 911 emergency standards. Features: Select from 18 Color Combinations Lawn Versions come with Two 18" Stakes Great Gift Idea Most Ship in 10-14 Days Made in USA Style Standard Size Plaque Estate Size Plaque Size 11" L x 11" H 15" L x 15" H Line 1 Holds up to 5 - 3" Characters Holds up to 5 - 4.5" Characters Line 2 Holds up to 17 - 1.25" Characters Holds up to 17 - 2" Characters About Whitehall Products Behind the legend of Whitehall artistry lies the tale of a unique craft inspired by the majestic shores and woodlands of western Michigan. It was a master wood carver's desire to reproduce and preserve his hand carved wood sculpture in metal, depicting the grace and essence of America's natural beauty. Over 65 years later, Whitehall Products still offers you the same mastery in detail with each originally designed, carved and hand cast product. Over 65 Years of Manufacturing Excellence Renowned as the world's largest manufacturer of weathervanes, Whitehall is also recognized for its extensive line of personalized home address plaques, mailboxes, and garden accents such as hose holders, birdbaths, birdfeeders and sundials. Whitehall's home accent collection includes unique indoor/outdoor clocks and thermometers and personalized doormats.

Whitehall Square Plaque Standard Lawn Sage/Ivory $108.99 In Stock and Ready to be Personalized! Our Whitehall Square Address Plaque is currently the top selling architectural style plaque. Address plaques are a quick easy and affordable way to boost your home's curb appeal. Each plaque is crafted from rust free recycled aluminum. Paints have been specifically formulated and weather tested to withstand the harshest elements. Our plaques are designed for maximum visibility to meet most local 911 emergency standards. Features: Select from 18 Color Combinations Lawn Versions come with Two 18" Stakes Great Gift Idea Most Ship in 10-14 Days Made in USA Style Standard Size Plaque Estate Size Plaque Size 11" L x 11" H 15" L x 15" H Line 1 Holds up to 5 - 3" Characters Holds up to 5 - 4.5" Characters Line 2 Holds up to 17 - 1.25" Characters Holds up to 17 - 2" Characters About Whitehall Products Behind the legend of Whitehall artistry lies the tale of a unique craft inspired by the majestic shores and woodlands of western Michigan. It was a master wood carver's desire to reproduce and preserve his hand carved wood sculpture in metal, depicting the grace and essence of America's natural beauty. Over 65 years later, Whitehall Products still offers you the same mastery in detail with each originally designed, carved and hand cast product. Over 65 Years of Manufacturing Excellence Renowned as the world's largest manufacturer of weathervanes, Whitehall is also recognized for its extensive line of personalized home address plaques, mailboxes, and garden accents such as hose holders, birdbaths, birdfeeders and sundials. Whitehall's home accent collection includes unique indoor/outdoor clocks and thermometers and personalized doormats.

Whitehall Square Plaque Standard Lawn Taupe/Ivory $108.99 In Stock and Ready to be Personalized! Our Whitehall Square Address Plaque is currently the top selling architectural style plaque. Address plaques are a quick easy and affordable way to boost your home's curb appeal. Each plaque is crafted from rust free recycled aluminum. Paints have been specifically formulated and weather tested to withstand the harshest elements. Our plaques are designed for maximum visibility to meet most local 911 emergency standards. Features: Select from 18 Color Combinations Lawn Versions come with Two 18" Stakes Great Gift Idea Most Ship in 10-14 Days Made in USA Style Standard Size Plaque Estate Size Plaque Size 11" L x 11" H 15" L x 15" H Line 1 Holds up to 5 - 3" Characters Holds up to 5 - 4.5" Characters Line 2 Holds up to 17 - 1.25" Characters Holds up to 17 - 2" Characters About Whitehall Products Behind the legend of Whitehall artistry lies the tale of a unique craft inspired by the majestic shores and woodlands of western Michigan. It was a master wood carver's desire to reproduce and preserve his hand carved wood sculpture in metal, depicting the grace and essence of America's natural beauty. Over 65 years later, Whitehall Products still offers you the same mastery in detail with each originally designed, carved and hand cast product. Over 65 Years of Manufacturing Excellence Renowned as the world's largest manufacturer of weathervanes, Whitehall is also recognized for its extensive line of personalized home address plaques, mailboxes, and garden accents such as hose holders, birdbaths, birdfeeders and sundials. Whitehall's home accent collection includes unique indoor/outdoor clocks and thermometers and personalized doormats.