Injection Pressure Test

Injection Pressure Test

Development of Integral Package Barrier Property Testing

Abstract: The varied shapes of packages are one of the obstacles for their integral barrier property testing. With the development of barrier property testing technology, the technique for integral package barrier property testing has also made great progress with various kinds of testable packages. This article makes a detailed introduction of the development of integral package barrier property testing and relevant testing cases.
Key Words: package, transmission rate, pouches, blister, differential pressure method

 

In the past, barrier property testing was only for films, which has brought great inconvenience to end package manufacturers and users. Most raw materials they bought could make barrier property testing, but the finished packages, owing to the lack of testing techniques, would bring hidden dangers to end-product quality. The difficulty for testing lies in the varied shapes of packages. However, owing to the promotion of barrier property testing, integral package barrier property testing has made great progress with more kinds of testable packages. This article makes a detailed introduction on the development of integral package barrier property testing and relevant testing cases.

1. Introduction to Integral Package Barrier Property Testing Techniques

Keeping certain shapes is the most basic characteristic for packages. Therefore, keeping the package intact is the first thing when testing. Secondly, the seal performance of testing instruments and sampling accessories should be guaranteed. Those two points are difficult to achieve for package testing, compared with film and sheet testing.

1.1 Equal Pressure Method Package Oxygen Transmission Rate Testing Techniques

The testing principles of equal pressure method oxygen transmission rate for both films and packages are similar. First, the preconditioned specimen separates the transmission chamber into two separate gas flow systems. Testing gas flows in one side of the package, such as pure oxygen or mixed gas with oxygen; high pure carrier gas flows in the other side. Though the gas pressure of two sides are the same, oxygen sub-pressures are different. Therefore, under the gradient of oxygen concentration, oxygen transmits through package and is carried to the sensor by the carrier gas. The sensor will measure the oxygen quantity in the carrier gas flow precisely, so as to work out the oxygen transmission rate of the tested package. If only specimen preparation issue can be effectively resolved, various packages are testable by this method. Testing subjects can be the integral package or a part of it, including various bottles, the connecting part of bottle cup and bottle body, bottle cup, capsule, blister, tube, injection, IV bags, flexible pipe and various ball-shape packages. Besides, the contents of tested packages can be in or not, so as to provide most reliable data for package evaluation in actual application and quality change of contents.

At present, ASTM F 1307 is the only testing standard for equal pressure method, and is applicable for all packages that can produce dry spaces inside. Moreover, equal pressure method oxygen transmission rate testing techniques can also be used under humid circumstances, and can further provide an environment with certain humidity in or out side the package.

1.2 Differential Pressure Method Package Gas Transmission Rate Testing Technique

Keeping the package shape intact is the main difficulty for differential pressure method package gas transmission rate testing. Owing to the pressure difference between the inner and outside of the package, the tested specimen might be destroyed by pressure difference without appropriate means to keep its shape, and result in meaningless testing results, or even no testing data. At present, in the field of differential pressure method gas transmission rate testing research, Labthink has made breakthrough. At the same time, Labthink has successfully extended integral package gas transmission rate testing from oxygen alone to many common inorganic gases. However, there are not many kinds of subjects can be tested with this method.

1.3 Weighing Method Package Water Vapor Transmission Rate Testing Technique

Weighing method water vapor transmission rate testing is the traditional method for package water vapor transmission rate testing; the relevant testing methods are: GB/T 6981-1986, GB/T 6982-1986 and ASTM D 3079-94. The testing process is as follows: first, put the desiccant (container is permitted) into the specimen, and seal the open place on the package wall. After preheating, put the specimen into the testing chamber with constant humidity and constant temperature for humidity and temperature test. Then, weigh the weight of the specimen at proper intervals according to the water vapor transmission performance of the package. When the transmission reaches stability, calculate the integral package water vapor transmission rate on the added weight of the specimen. However, open a mouth on the package wall is not practical, and it would always lead to operational failure and corresponding failure. Therefore, in the standards for pharmaceutical packaging materials, the desiccant is changed into distilled water or other testing solvents when using this method. Thus, there is no need to open and close the package mouth repeatedly; and the only thing needs to do is to weigh the package at certain intervals. However, the long testing periods and precision limit are the inherent shortcomings of this method.

1.4 Sensor Method Package Water Vapor Transmission Rate Testing Technique

Sensor method and different pressure method package water vapor transmission rate testing techniques are similar in the testing principle: separate the transmission cell into two isolated gas flow system by the package, one side of the package flows the carrier gas (dry); and another side is in a relative humidity. Thus, a stable water vapor concentration difference exists between the two sides of the specimen (relative humidity). Under the influence of water vapor concentration difference, water vapor transmits through the package wall and is carried to the sensor. The sensor measures the water vapor content in the carrier gas accurately so as to further calculate water vapor transmission rate of the specimen. This method is applicable for bottles, pouches, capsules, blisters, IV packages, flexible pipes and other forms of packages. Now, the testing accuracy of this method is up to 0.001g/pkg·d; the testing period is only 3 to 4 days; and the testing process is completely automatic.

2. Typical Application Examples

Usually, package barrier property testing is for bottles or certain parts of the bottle. However, package is not limited to bottle, pouches, flexible pipe and PVC trays also have broad applications, among which, the testing for pouches and small-sized package (e.g., blister) are more emphasized.

2.1 Pouches

The space maintenance of the pouches should be taken care of when using equal pressure method or sensor method. As to pouches, if the pressures inside and outside can not be well controlled, it would result in less gas transmission area and lead to data error. Therefore, the pouches should be bulged during precondition period, and it can be achieved by putting certain quantities of gas or other accessories into the pouches. At the same time, the space inside pouches should also be kept during testing process so as to avoid shriveling, especially for thin food pouches. As to IV bags, jelly pouches, stand up pouches and other thick pouches, their shriveling probability is less.

When using weighing method, how to keep the space inside the pouches is also a problem. Meanwhile, how to seal pouches after filling distilled water inside should also be considered, which increase the difficulty in actual operation.

2.2 Blisters

Blisters are usually of small volume. Therefore, they can only be tested by equal pressure method or sensor method. Furthermore, the specimen preparation can only be accomplished with customized accessories. Meanwhile, the adjustment of flowing speed during testing process should also be cautious so as to avoid sudden pressure increase and decrease caused by violent change of gas quantity, and thus, avoid influences to the specimen status.

Usually, the testing accessories for blisters are also applicable for small-sized package testing, such as capsule; and can expand to more kinds of small-sized packages conveniently.

3. Conclusions

The development of integral package barrier property testing techniques has greatly expanded the scope of barrier property testing. Now, the testing subjects have expanded to nearly all the packages, which have brought fundamental testing reform for package manufacturers and users. Meanwhile, with the leak and seal testing as well as headspace gas analysis, a more integral, effective and accurate package result can be guaranteed.

Further information please feel free to contact Shirley Wu via trade2@labthink.cn, skype:shirley-labthink, MSN:shirleywu_labthink@hotmail.com or (tel)0086-531-85068709.

About the Author

Deluxe Global Fuel Injection Pressure Test Kit $392.95 Comprehensive kit Tests ALL Fuel Injection Systems including: ? American Motors; Bosch AFC & CIS; GM; GM TBI; Chrysler; Japanese Fuel Injection; MPC European & Japanese Systems; Bendix Type/Schrader valve fuel injection including the small Scrader valve found on Ford products. ? Uniquely designed 3-1/2'' gauge with expanded 1 lb. increment dual dial for accurate, easy reading. ? 100 psi/700 kPa scale ? Pressure relief valve ? Made in the USABy Star Products.

Fuel Injection Pressure Tester $51.95 ? This tester determines if the fuel pressure regulator needs adjusting or replacing. It will allow the mechanic to adjust it to the correct pressure if its is adjustable. It will also tell if other components are bad, such as fuel pump, filter, etc. Has everything to test the following systems: American Motors; Bosch AFC, MPC Euro & Japanese (except C.I.S.); Chrysler Corp.; Ford Motor Co.; GM (except T.B.I); Japanese fuel injection systems. Also works with others using Bendix-type fuel injection or Schrader-type valve, including the small Scrader valve found on both T.B.I. and Multi-Port Fuel Injection systems found on Ford products. ? Dual scale 2-1/2'' gauge, 100 PSI and 7 kg/cm2 ? Comes in heavy vinyl pouch with instructions and specifications By Star Products.

Fuel Injection Pressure Tester by Equus $44.95 The Fuel Injection Pressure Tester by Equus has a large, easy to read 2-1/2 inch dial face with 0-100 psi scale. It has a durable 16 inch gauge hose and 6-foot bleed-off hose with solid brass fittings. Includes Ford, GM, and Chrysler test adapters along with a Tee adapter for import vehicles. Accurately Tests: Fuel Pump pressure, Fuel Pressure regulator, leaking injectors, and clogged fuel filters. Includes instructions in English, French, and Spanish.

Master Fuel Injection Pressure Test Set $330.95 ? This set is a must have for the professional technician! ? The uniquely designed 3-1/2'' gauge has a special expanded 1lb. increment dual dial for accurate reading, with a 100 PSI/700 kPA scale. ? It also has a relief valve and 6 ft. of tubing to relieve the pressre and fuel safely. Also allows checking for sufficient fuel flow. ? Gauge has hook, allowing technician to have both hands free ? The included adapters, hoses and fittings cover all fuel injection systems and most cars and trucks world wide! ? A time saving quick coupler connection at the end of he gauge hose makes a speedy and efficient couple possible with most adapters. ? Set comes in a specially designed molded case to make storage easy and organized.By Star Products.

SG Tool Aid SGT38000 Comprehensive Fuel Injection Pressure Test Kit $484.06 Features and Benefits: Tests gasoline fuel injection pressure systems on virtually all domestic and imported cars and trucks For multiport throttle body and C.I.S. KJetronic Fuel Injection Systems Bleed off valve with 6 of translucent hose safely depressurizes system after completion of testing Includes two gages with dual ranges: 0100 PSI (07 BAR) and 050 PSI (03.5 BAR) All components connect together easily for fast hook upsThis complete master fuel injection pressure tester for cars and trucks is accurate and reliable and easy to use with a complete illustrated instructional manual. Kit includes: adapters for special applications assorted hoses hose barb fittings and hose clamps to test older vehicles. Comes in a 15 x 10 x 31/4 durable plastic storage case with carrying handle. Case is molded with numbered positions for all components to ensure proper operation and organization.

Master Fuel Injection Pressure Test Kit With Quick Couplers $377.95 ? The one kit for testing virtually all domestic and imported cars, trucks and SUVs with gasoline fuel injection systems. ? For Multi-Port, Throttle Body (TBI) and continuous injection systems (CIS). ? Quck coupler fittings provide easy and fast hook-ups. ? Accurately and quickly diagnose fuel injection related problems. ? 4 foot hose provides more mobility while monitoring fuel injection pressure. ? Tests current and older models. ? Supplied with two dual range gauges: 0-100 PSI (0-7 BAR) with hang-up hook; 0-50 PSI (0-3.5 BAR) for accurate low pressure applications. ? Includes adapters, hoses, and clamps. ? Blow molded case with numbered positions for storage and easy identification of components. ? Bleed-off valve with 6 feet of translucent hose to safely depressurize system after completion of testing. ? Complete illustrated instruction manual included.By Tool Aid.

Lisle Basic Fuel Injection Test Set $149.95 Checks fuel pressure on most domestic (except GM TBI) and Japanese fuel injection and throttle body injection systems     Tests the following: Bosch AFC, MPC, Digijet/Digifant - except C.I.S. Chrysler; Ford; GM - except T.B.I. Japanese Fuel Injection Systems; others using Bendix-type fuel injection or Schrader-type valve including the small Schrader valve found on Ford

Star Products STATU443 Deluxe Global Fuel Injection Pressure Test Set $433.96 Features and Benefits:This set is a must have for the professional TechnicianThe 3 1/2 gauge has a dual scale dial with ranges from 0 100 PSI and 0 7 bar.It also has a relief valve and 6 ft. of tubing to relieve the pressure and the fuel safely. Also allows checking for sufficient fuel flow.The 4 ft. gaugehose and gauge with a hook can be hung up to free theTechnicians handsThe many adapters hoses and fittings cover most fuel injection systems worldwideA timesaving quick coupler connection at the end of the gauge hose makes a speedy and efficient coupling possible with the adaptersThis specially designed compact neatly arranged plastic blowmolded box makes storage easy

Tool Aid TA36250 Multi Port Fuel Injection Pressure Tester $147.3 Can test the fuel pressure on virtually all domestic and foreign vehicles equipped with multiport fuel injection. Can also test throttle body injection systems on most Chrysler and Ford vehicles. Bleed off valve and hose to safely depressurize system after completion of test. Comes in a durable plastic molded storage case with carrying handle case measures 111/4 x 71/2 x 3 and has ample space for additional adapters and parts. Not for diesel engines.

SG Tool Aid SGT33950 Fuel Injection Pressure Tester With Two Gages $128.94 Test gasoline fuel pump pressure on most domestic and imported fuel injection equipped vehicles. Easy to hook up and read. Kit contains everything to test all GM vehicles with multiport and some throttle body injection (TBI). Test all Chrysler cars with multiport turbos and some TBI. Use on most Ford TBI systems equipped with or without small Schrader test valve. Test all Ford vehicles with multiport fuel injection systems. Includes two gages for more accurate testing:. Large Gage Calibrated from 0100 PSI (07.0 BAR). Large gage can be used for all applications and has hangup hook. Small Gage Calibrated from 050 PSI (03.5 BAR). Small gage provides more detail when pressure will not exceed 50 PSI (03.5 BAR). Full instructions included. Supplied in a durable vinyl pouch for store display and tool box storage.

Tool Aid TA 58000 Master Fuel Injection Pressure Test Kit with Quick Couplers $388.64 The one kit for testing virtually all domestic and imported cars trucks and SUVs with gasoline fuel injection systems. For MultiPort Throttle Body (TBI) and continuous injection systems (CIS). Quck coupler fittings provide easy and fast hookups. Accurately and quickly diagnose fuel injection related problems. 4 foot hose provides more mobility while monitoring fuel injection pressure. Tests current and older models. Supplied with two dual range gauges: 0100 PSI (07 BAR) with hangup hook; 050 PSI (03.5 BAR) for accurate low pressure applications. Includes adapters hoses and clamps. Blow molded case with numbered positions for storage and easy identification of components. Bleedoff valve with 6 feet of translucent hose to safely depressurize system after completion of testing. Complete illustrated instruction manual included.

Tool Aid TA33980 Fuel Injection Pressure Tester with Two Gages $140 Test gasoline fuel pump pressure on most domestic and imported fuel injection equipped vehicles. Easy to hook up and read. Includes 2 gages for more accurate testing. Large gage is calibrated from 0100 PSI (07.0 BAR). Small gage is calibrated from 050 PSI (03.5 BAR).

Fuel Injection Pressure Tester With Two Gages In Molded Plastic Storage Case $118.95 Test gasoline fuel pump pressure on most domestic and imported fuel injection equipped vehicles. Easy to hook up and read. Kit contains everything to test all GM vehicles with multi-port and some throttle body injection (TBI). Test all Chrysler cars with multi-port turbos and some TBI. Use on most Ford TBI systems equipped with or without small Schrader test valve. Test all Ford vehicles with multi-port fuel injection systems. Includes two gages for more accurate testing: Large Gage: Calibrated from 0-100 PSI (0-7.0 BAR) Small Gage: Calibrated from 0-50 PSI (0-3.5 BAR) Large gage can be used for all appplications and has hang-up hook. Small gage provides more detail when pressure will not exceed 50 PSI (0-3.5 BAR). Full instructions included. ? Storage case has plenty of room for extra adapters.By Tool Aid.

Multi-Port Fuel Injection Pressure Tester For Domestic And Foreign Vehicles $127.95 This kit can test the fuel pressure on virtually all domestic and foreign vehicles equipped with multi-port fuel injection. Can also test throttle body injection systems on most Chrysler and Ford vehicles. Includes: ? Adapter for Domestic, Asian, and European vehicles equipped with a standard Schrader test port. ? Adapter for Ford multi-port (EFI) and throttle body systems. ? Adapter for Honda vehicles. ? 4 piece adapter set: 8MM-1.00, 10MM-1.0, 12MM-1.25 and 12MM-1.50 to test most Asian and European multi-port vehicles. ? Assorted hoses, hose barb fittings and hose clamps to test older vehicles. ? 2-1/2'' diameter gage with dual scale - measures 100 PSI and 7 Bar and has a hang-up hook. ? Bleed-off valve and hose to safely de-pressurize system after completion of test. ? Packed in a durable vinyl pouch for store display and tool box storage. ? Complete instructions. ? Not for diesel engines. ? Includes plastic molded storage case.By Tool Aid.

CTA Basic Fuel Injection Pressure Tester $86.95 Services most USA (except GM TBI) and Japanese systems     Contains: Both large and small Schrader type test fittings, inline and end of line hose fittings 24? hose extension and 3-1/2? (90mm) gauge head with dual calibration (5-145 PSI / 25 ? 1,000 kPa)

Lisle LIS55700 Master Fuel Injection Kit $549.3 Features and Benefits: Master fuel injection test set test all types of fuel injection systems Set comes in a plastic blowmolded case for protection and for easy use Tests GM Ford Chrysler Honda/Acura Toyota Bosch CIS and LJetronic Weight 10 lbs.This set checks fuel pressure on most port fuel injection (PFI) and throttle body injection (TBI) systems. Comes with a variety of adapters and gauges for checking many types of systems. Adapts to work with test port connections end of hose connections and inline connections. List of component parts included with instructions.

CTA Non-Bosch & GM TBI Fuel Injection Pressure Tester $129.95 Test Chrysler, Ford, GM (non-TBI), Japanese makes, Bosch AFC, MPC, Digijet / Digifant (non-CIS), plus others using Bendix-type fuel injection or a Schrader-type valves, including the small Schrader valve found on Fords.     Includes: 3-1/2? (90mm) gauge with dual calibration (5-145 PSI / 25-1,000 kPa) Hose assembly Brass adapters

C.I.S. K-Jetronic Fuel Injection Tester With Case $119.95 Test C.I.S. (Continuous Injection System) found on most late model European cars and Volkswagen models assembled in the U.S. These vehicles are equipped with Bosch C.I.S. K-Jetronic Fuel Injection Systems. This is an in-line pressure tester which indicates problem sources - control pressure regulator, fuel distributors or other specific fuel injection components that may require replacing. Tests C.I.S. Non-Electronic with metric threads, C.I.S./Lamboda Electronic with metric threads and C.I.S. E-Electronic with metric threads. Will not test other Bosch fuel injection systems. Gage measures 2-1/2'' diameter and has dual scale: 100 PSI and 7 BAR. Gage has hang-up hook. Supplied with all adapters, adapter application chart, hook-up and parts schematic drawing, complete instructions and sturdy molded storage case.By Tool Aid.

SG Tool Aid SGT36200 MultiPort Fuel Injection Pressure Tester for Domestic and Foreign Vehicles $154.74 Features and Benefits: Can test the fuel pressure on virtually all domestic and foreign vehicles equipped with multiport fuel injection Can also test throttle body injection systems on most Chrysler and Ford vehicles Bleed off valve and hose to safely depressurize system after completion of test Packed with complete instructions in a durable vinyl pouch for store display and tool box storage Not for diesel enginesIncludes: adapter for Domestic Asian and European vehicles equipped with a standard Schrader test port; adapter for Ford multiport (EFI) and throttle body systems; adapter for Honda vehicles; 4 piece adapter set: 8mm1.00 10mm1.0 12mm1.25 and 12mm1.50 to test most Asian and European multiport vehicles; assorted hoses hose barb fittings and hose clamps to test older vehicles; 21/2? diameter gage with dual scale measures 100 PSI and 7 Bar and has a hangup hook.

Star Products STATU113PB Fuel Injection Tester $63.09 Features and Benefits: This tester determines if the fuel pressure regulator needs adjusting or replacing Allows the mechanic to adjust it to the correct pressure if its is adjustable Identifies if other components are bad such as fuel pump filter etc. Comes in heavy vinyl pouch with instructions and specificationsThis tester determines if the fuel pressure regulator needs adjusting or replacing. It will allow the mechanic to adjust it to the correct pressure if its is adjustable. It will also tell if other components are bad such as fuel pump filter etc. It has everything to test the following systems: American Motors Bosch AFC MPC Euro and Japanese (except C.I.S.) Chrysler Corp. Ford Motor Co. GM (except T.B.I) Japanese fuel injection systems. Also works with others using Bendixtype fuel injection or Schradertype valve including the small Schrader valve found on both T.B.I. and MultiPort Fuel Injection systems found on Ford products. Dual scale 21/2 gauge 100 PSI and 7 kg/cm2.

OTC OTC6552 Fuel Injection Import Kit $404.12 Features and Benefits: Test fuel injection systems on imports including CIS and CISE fuel systems Kit includes 0100 PSI fuel pressure gauge and 23 of the popular OTC fuel injection adapters each equipped with a quickconnect Schrader valve for safety Replacement seal kit also included Included in a molded case Weight: 4lb. 2 ozWith this new kit you can diagnose fuelrelated problems such as a weak fuel pump or restricted fuel filter and perform leakdown tests.

SG Tool Aid SGT33980 Fuel Injection Pressure Tester with Two Gages in Molded Plastic Storage Case $159.65 Features and Benefits: Test gasoline fuel pump pressure on most domestic and imported fuel injection equipped vehicles Easy to hook up and read Includes 2 gages for more accurate testing Large gage is calibrated from 0100 PSI (07.0 BAR) Small gage is calibrated from 050 PSI (03.5 BAR)Kit contains everything to test all GM vehicles with multiport and some throttle body injection (TBI). Test all Chrysler cars with multiport turbos and some TBI. Use on most Ford TBI systems equipped with or without small Schrader test valve. Test all Ford vehicles with multiport fuel injection systems. Large gage can be used for all applications and has hangup hook.Small gage provides more detail when pressure will not exceed 50 PSI (03.5 BAR). Full instructions included. Supplied in durable plastic molded storage case with carrying handle. Case measures 111/4 x 71/2 x 3 and has ample space for additional adapters and parts.

Star Products STATU74489 Fuel Injection Update Kit $84.5 TU74489Fuel Injection Update KitFeatures and Benefits:U.S.A Made Use with any Star F.I. pressure test kit with a quick coupler Includes right angle adapters for Ford and GM Good for those hard to reach places Includes adapter to allow checking Deadhead Pressure on 1/4 5/16 3/8 hose Also Quick Connects for Chrysler and GM vehicles with metal and plastic disconnect valves

SG Tool Aid SGT36250 MultiPort Fuel Injection Pressure Tester For Domestic And Foreign Vehicles In Molded Plastic Storage Case $149.68 Features and Benefits: Can test the fuel pressure on virtually all domestic and foreign vehicles equipped with multiport fuel injection Can also test throttle body injection systems on most Chrysler and Ford vehicles Bleed off valve and hose to safely depressurize system after completion of test Comes in a durable plastic molded storage case with carrying handle; case measures 111/4 x 71/2 x 3 and has ample space for additional adapters and parts Not for diesel enginesIncludes: adapter for Domestic Asian and European vehicles equipped with a standard Schrader test port; adapter for Ford multiport (EFI) and throttle body systems; adapter for Honda vehicles; 4 piece adapter set: 8mm1.00 10mm1.0 12mm1.25 and 12mm1.50 to test most Asian and European multiport vehicles; assorted hoses hose barb fittings and hose clamps to test older vehicles; 21/2? diameter gage with dual scale measures 100 PSI and 7 Bar and has a hangup hook.

Master Fuel Injection Tester Kit - Import And Domestic $344.95 Test fuel injection systems on most GMs, including GM TBI, Ford, Chrysler, and Jeep vehicles. Also works on imports, including CIS and CISE fuel systems. With this new kit you can diagnose fuel-related problems, such as a weak fuel pump or restricted fuel filter, and perform leak-down tests. ? Kit includes 0?100 PSI fuel pressure gauge and 35 of the popular OTC fuel injection adapters, each equipped with a quick-connect Schrader valve for safety. Replacement seal kit also includedBy OTC.

OTC OTC6550 Master Fuel Injection Kit $449.56 Features and Benefits: Including GM TBI Ford Chrysler and Jeep vehicles 0100 PSI fuel pressure gauge 35 of the popular OTC fuel injection adapters each equipped with a quickconnect Schrader valve for safety Replacement seal kit also included Comes in a molded caseWith this new kit you can diagnose fuelrelated problems such as a weak fuel pump or restricted fuel filter and perform leakdown tests. Test fuel injection systems on most GMs including GM TBI Ford Chrysler and Jeep vehicles. Also works on imports including CIS and CISE fuel systems

SG Tool Aid Basic Fuel Injection Pressure Tester. Each $33.06 Manufacturer: SG Tool Aid. Each. Features and Benefits: The perfect starter kit for the serious technician Includes adapter for all domestic, Asian and European vehicles equipped with a standard Schrader test port 2-1/2" diameter gage with dual scale and

SG Tool Aid Fuel Injection Pressure Tester. Each $56.14 Manufacturer: SG Tool Aid. Each. Features and Benefits: Works on GM and Chrysler vehicles same as SGT33950, but on Fords, limited to older TBI systems not equipped with small Schrader test valve Supplied with large gauge only Gauge equipped with hang-up

SG Tool Aid SGT33770 Basic Fuel Injection Pressure Tester $51.12 The perfect starter kit for the serious technician. Includes adapter for all domestic Asian and European vehicles equipped with a standard Schrader test port. 21/2 diameter gage with dual scale and hangup hook. Measures 100 PSI and 7 bar. Complete instructions. Dimension: 10.9 L x 5.4 W x 1.1 H.

Star Products Deluxe Global Fuel Injection Pressure Test Set. 1 Set $322.17 Manufacturer: Star Products. 1 Set. Features Benefits: This set is a must have for the professional Technician! The 3 1/2" gauge has a dual scale dial with ranges from 0 - 100 PSI and 0 - 7 bar. It also has a relief valve and 6 ft. of tubing to relieve

Fuel Injection $81.25 Fuel injection is a system for mixing fuel with air in an internal combustion engine. It has become the primary fuel delivery system used in gasoline automotive engines, having almost completely replaced carburetors in the late 1980s. A fuel injection system is designed and calibrated specifically for the type(s) of fuel it will handle. Most fuel injection systems are for gasoline or diesel applications. With the advent of electronic fuel injection (EFI), the diesel and gasoline hardware has become similar. EFIs programmable firmware has permitted common hardware to be used with different fuels. Carburetors were the predominant method used to meter fuel on gasoline engines before the widespread use of fuel injection. A variety of injection systems have existed since the earliest usage of the internal combustion engine. The primary difference between carburetors and fuel injection is that fuel injection atomizes the fuel by forcibly pumping it through a small nozzle under high pressure, while a carburetor relies on low pressure created by intake air rushing through it to add the fuel to the airstream. Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 120 Publication Date: 2010/08/02 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.28 inches

Fault Injection $71.7 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles In software testing, fault injection is a technique for improving the coverage of a test by introducing faults to test code paths, in particular error handling code paths, that might otherwise rarely be followed. It is often used with stress testing and is widely considered to be an important part of developing robust software. Robustness testing is a type of fault injection commonly used to test for vulnerabilities in communication interfaces such as protocols, command line parameters, or APIs. Author: Miller, Frederic P./ Vandome, Agnes F./ McBrewster, John Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 76 Publication Date: 2010/12/14 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.18 inches

OTC OTC6550 Master Fuel Injection Tester Kit Import and Domestic $449.56 Test fuel injection systems on most GMs including GM TBI Ford Chrysler and Jeep vehicles. Also works on imports including CIS and CISE fuel systems. With this new kit you can diagnose fuelrelated problems such as a weak fuel pump or restricted fuel filter and perform leakdown tests. Kit includes 0100 PSI fuel pressure gauge and 35 of the popular OTC fuel injection adapters each equipped with a quickconnect Schrader valve for safety. Replacement seal kit also included

OTC OT6550 Fuel Injection Test Kit $417.91 Test fuel injection systems on most GMs including GM TBI Ford Chrysler and Jeep vehicles. Also works on imports including CIS and CISE fuel systems. With this new kit you can diagnose fuelrelated problems such as a weak fuel pump or restricted fuel

Fuel Injection Tester Adapter Update Kit $63.95 ? Use with any Star F.I. pressure test kit with a quick coupler ? Includes right angle adapters for Ford and GM. Good for those hard to reach places. ? Includes adapter to allow checking Deadhead Pressure on 1/4'', 5/16'', and 3/8'' hose. ? Also Quick Connects for Chrysler and GM vehicles with metal and plastic disconnects. A must have for cars without a Schrader valve. ? Made in the USA By Star Products.

Star Products STATU550 Master Fuel Injection Kit $529.06 Features and Benefits: Covers most models 1988 through 2004. Includes five most popular banjo bolt test adapters: M14 x 1.50 M12 x 1.50 M12 x 1.25 M10 x 1.00 and M8 x 1.00. Banjo bolt test adapters and vehicles banjo bolts are the same size hex which enables the Technician to use the same wrench for component removal and installation. Contains M6 x 1.00 Honda test port adapter. Includes fuel pump deadhead pressure test adapter with 1/4 in. 5/16 in. and 3/8 in. hose sizes. The test gauge assembly disconnects from the test hose and valve assembly for easier storage and improved gauge protection. The redesigned 71317 fuel line tee can now accommodate 3/8 in. hose sizes in addition to the 1/4 in. and 5/16 in. previously accommodated hose sizes. Contains longer tee adapter cut test hoses for easier connections. Includes longer redesigned test hose adapters for Ford Toyota/Geo and Audi/VW. The longer test hoses allow adapters to tee into the fuel system with less distortion and movement of the fuel line by looping the test adapter. Contains popular 5/16 in. and 3/8 in. quick connect tube form adapters used on Chrysler GM and Toyota. Includes popular standard and small Schrader adapters in both short hose and right angle configurations. Unlike competing test kits our kit contains: 16mm Oring adapter and bolts used on popular Hyundia and Mitsubishi vehicles. 11mm Oring adapter and bolts used on popular Nissan and Infiniti vehicles. M12 x 1.00 Honda pulse damper adapter used on popular Accord Civic and S2000 models. Contains neoprene boot for improved protection of the test gauge and vehicle finish. Includes a seal repair parts kit four hose clamps and two pieces of 3/8 in. inverted flare tubes and two 5/8 18 tube nuts. Consists of neatly organized blowmolded case with marked adapters for easy cross reference to the adapter guide book. The case contains a hinged lid compartment to easily store hose assemblies.

OTC Fuel Injection Pressure Adapter 5/16 & 3/8". Each $41.17 Manufacturer: OTC. Each. Customers also search for: Discount Fuel Injection Pressure Adapter 5/16 & 3/8", Buy Fuel Injection Pressure Adapter 5/16 & 3/8", Wholesale Fuel Injection Pressure Adapter 5/16 & 3/8", 731413010446, ToolWeb, Fuel Line Tools

CTA Fuel Injection Test Kit $121.95 Includes: Hyundai, Kia & Mitsubishi Style: - 11mm Fuel Rail Adapter - 15mm Fuel Rail Adapter - 16mm Fuel Rail Adapter Hair Pin Adapters: - 1/4? (6mm) Honda/Ford - 5/16? (8mm) Toyota Prius 90? Schrader Type Adapters: - .308 x 32 ? 90? Ford/BMW - 7/16 x 20 ? 90? GM/Chrysler - 8mm Volvo

Horse Getting a Gas Gancrene Injection Intra-Muscular under Pressure $79.99 Horse Getting a Gas Gancrene Injection Intra-Muscular under Pressure - Premium Photographic Print

SG Tool Aid SGT33850 Ford MultiPort and Throttle Body Fuel Injection Pressure Tester Adapter $38.96 Ford adapter for small Schrader test port. Satisfaction ensured. Manufactured to the highest quality available. Latest technical innovations. Stay uptodate with the latest technology on the market.